{ "campos_es": [ { "number": 1, "name": "Geofísica, geología y tectónica de la Tierra sólida", "description": [ "En este campo estudiarás las características fundamentales de los sistemas terrestres pasados y actuales, así como los procesos que los definen en su superficie y en su interior.", "Podrás optar por especializarte en las siguientes áreas de profundización:" ], "areas": [ "Sismología", "Vulcanología", "Petrología ígnea y metamórfica", "Geología sedimentaria y estratigrafía", "Paleontología", "Deformación de la litósfera", "Geomagnetismo y paleomagnetismo", "Exploración geofísica de la Tierra sólida y la corteza oceánica", "Peligros y riesgos volcánicos" ] }, { "number": 2, "name": "Recursos energéticos y minerales", "description": [ "Estudiarás las condiciones de formación y localización, tanto de las materias primas minerales, como de las fuentes de energía almacenadas en las rocas de la corteza terrestre que se aprovechan para satisfacer las necesidades de la sociedad. Realizarás investigación multi e interdisciplinaria desde diversas áreas de las Ciencias de la Tierra y conocerás información esencial para la exploración y descubrimiento de nuevos recursos, así como para su aprovechamiento racional. Aprenderás métodos de exploración geofísica para la evaluación de los diferentes tipos de yacimientos.", "Podrás especializarte en las siguientes áreas de profundización:" ], "areas": [ "Yacimientos minerales", "Yacimientos petroleros", "Yacimientos geotérmicos", "Exploración geofísica aplicada a la caracterización y evaluación de yacimientos", "Reología de materiales geológicos", "Peligros y riesgos asociados a la exploración y explotación de yacimientos" ] }, { "number": 3, "name": "Procesos de la superficie terrestre (zona crítica)", "description": [ "Este campo de conocimiento se enfoca en los procesos que tienen lugar sobre y bajo la superficie terrestre, en donde el agua funciona como un elemento conductor e integrador; incluye procesos de interacción entre la interfaz de la litósfera, la tropósfera, la hidrósfera y la biósfera. Entre los procesos de interés se encuentran, la precipitación, el escurrimiento superficial, la infiltración, la recarga y el flujo subterráneo, los procesos de erosión y sedimentación que modelan el relieve; el desarrollo de los suelos y la biota en asociación con los factores climáticos, y las actividades humanas en continua interacción con los procesos y estructuras naturales. Disciplinas como la hidrología superficial y subterránea, la geomorfología, las ciencias del suelo y la bioclimatología son parte de este campo. El marco temporal es amplio y va desde el análisis de procesos contemporáneos y su relación con riesgos a la población, ecológicos y a las infraestructuras, hasta el estudio de las fluctuaciones climáticas de tiempos geológicos anteriores y su influencia en la vegetación (paleoecología), los suelos (paleopedología) y otros elementos del ambiente, incluyendo la interacción con comunidades humanas del pasado (geoarqueología).", "Podrás especializarte en las siguientes áreas de profundización:" ], "areas": [ "Hidrogeología", "Ciencias del Suelo", "Geomorfología", "Estudios peloambientales (cambio climático) y geoarqueología", "Geobiología e interacciones biósfera-atmósfera", "Hidrometeorología y aprovechamiento y balance energético", "Exploración geofísica de la superficie terrestre", "Peligros y riesgos asociados a procesos superficiales (remoción en masa, hundimientos y contaminación)" ] }, { "number": 4, "name": "Ciencias atmosféricas", "description": [ "En este campo de conocimiento se estudian los procesos atmosféricos terrestres y planetarios a diferentes escalas temporales y espaciales. Se analizan los procesos físicos, químicos y biológicos de la atmósfera así como las interacciones océano-atmósfera que repercuten en el cambio y la variabilidad climática y en el deterioro de la calidad del aire. Se estudian fenómenos de la convección profunda, el transporte de vapor de agua desde fuentes remotas y las interacciones atmósfera-suelo y atmósfera-vegetación que determinan los flujos de energía y de masa. A escalas más pequeñas se investigan procesos microfísicos de los aerosoles atmosféricos, su composición química y su influencia en la formación de nubes, convección, precipitación, así como con la transferencia radiativa. Para estos estudios se utilizan herramientas observacionales in situ y de percepción remota, así como la modelación numérica para el pronóstico de corto y mediano plazo de una gran variedad de parámetros atmosféricos. Las investigaciones se abordan, de igual manera, para evaluar los impactos y riesgos a la población y a los ecosistemas bajo distintos escenarios de emisiones de contaminantes y de cambio climático global.", "Podrás especializarte en las siguientes áreas de profundización:" ], "areas": [ "Meteorología y oceanografía física", "Cambio climático y climatología física", "Fisicoquímica y composición atmosféricaa", "Física de nubes y aerosol atmosférico", "Calidad del aire y salud" ] }, { "number": 5, "name": "Ciencias espaciales y planetarias", "description": [ "Estudiarás la heliósfera y la generación, transporte y disipación de la energía y la transferencia de masa que ocurre en ella, así como el medio interplanetario, la composición, la estructura y la dinámica de planetas, satélites, cuerpos menores y polvo del sistema solar, así como sistemas planetarios alrededor de otras estrellas. Conocerás cómo las condiciones de la actividad solar, medio interplanetario y del entorno cercano terrestre, ponen en riesgo la operatividad y confiabilidad de sistemas y servicios tecnológicos ubicados tanto en superficie como en el espacio y sus impactos en la atmósfera, al clima terrestre y a la biota.", "Podrás especializarte en las siguientes áreas de profundización:" ], "areas": [ "Ciencias espaciales ", "Ciencias planetarias", "Peligros y riesgos del espacio exterior" ] }, { "number": 6, "name": "Geociencia computacional", "description": [ "La fusión de la Ciencia Computacional, integrada por las matemáticas aplicadas, la computación y la informática, con las Ciencias de la Tierra, ha dado lugar a una nueva disciplina conocida como Geociencia Computacional. En particular, la Geociencia Computacional nos permite desarrollar programas de cómputo que combinan modelos conceptuales, matemáticos y numéricos con datos de laboratorio y de campo de diferentes escalas espaciotemporales y de diversas fuentes con cierto grado de incertidumbre asociado. Ejemplos de áreas de investigación y desarrollo de la Geociencia Computacional son la modelación matemática, numérica y computacional, los modelos estocásticos espaciales, la computación de alto desempeño; la adquisición, procesamiento y análisis de señales e imágenes; la inteligencia artificial y el aprendizaje de máquina y la generación automática de código.", "Encuentra más información sobre los contenidos y temas de cada una de las áreas de profundización de este campo:" ], "areas": [ "Modelación matemática y computacional para las Ciencias de la Tierra", "Geomática y percepción remota", "Procesamiento y análisis de datos" ] } ], "campos_en": [ { "number": 1, "name": "Geophysics, Geology, and Solid Earth Tectonics", "description": [ "In this field, you’ll learn the key characteristics of past and current earth systems and the processes that define their surface and interior.\r\n\r\n", "You’ll be able to choose the following specialization areas:" ], "areas": [ "Seismology", "Volcanology", "Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology", "Sedimentary Geology and Stratigraphy", "Paleontology", "Deformation of the Lithosphere\r\n", "Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism\r\n", "Geophysical Exploration of the Solid Earth and Oceanic Crust\r\n", "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards and Risks" ] }, { "number": 2, "name": "Energy and Mineral Resources", "description": [ "You’ll study the formation and location conditions of both mineral raw materials and sources of energy stored in the rocks of the Earth’s crust that are used to satisfy the needs of society. You’ll conduct multi- and interdisciplinary research from diverse areas of Earth Sciences and learn essential information for the exploration and discovery of new resources, as well as for their rational exploitation. You’ll learn geophysical exploration methods for the evaluation of different types of deposits.", "You’ll be able to choose the following specialization areas:" ], "areas": [ "Mineral Deposits", "Oil Deposits", "Geothermal Deposits", "Geophysical Exploration Applied to the Characterization and Evaluation of Deposits", "Rheology of Geological Materials", "Hazards and Risks Associated with the Exploitation and Exploration of Deposits" ] }, { "number": 3, "name": "Earth Surface Processes (Critical zone)\r\n", "description": [ "This field of knowledge focuses on the processes that take place on and under Earth’s surface, where water works as a conducting and integrating element, including interaction processes between the interface of the lithosphere, troposphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Among the processes of interest are precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow; the erosion and sedimentation processes that shape the terrain; the development of soil and biota in association with climate factors; and the human activities in continuous interaction with natural processes and structures. Disciplines such as surface and groundwater hydrology, geomorphology, soil sciences, and bioclimatology belong to this field. The time frame is wide and ranges from the analysis of current processes and their link to risks to the population, infrastructure, and environment to the study of climate fluctuations of previous geologic times and their influence on vegetation (paleoecology), soil (paleopedology), and other environmental aspects, including the interactions with past human communities (geoarchaeology).", "You’ll be able to choose the following specialization areas:" ], "areas": [ "Hydrogeology", "Soil Sciences", "Geomorphology", "Paleoenvironmental Studies (Climate Change) and Geoarchaeology\r", "Geobiology and Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions", "Hydrometeorology and Energy Utilization and Balance", "Geophysical Exploration of the Solid Earth\r", "Hazards and Risks Associated with Superficial Processes (Mass Wasting, Subsidence, and Pollution) " ] }, { "number": 4, "name": "Atmospheric Sciences", "description": [ "In this field of knowledge, you’ll study atmospheric, terrestrial and planetary processes on different time and space scales. You’ll analyze the physical, chemical and biological processes of the atmosphere, as well as the ocean-atmosphere interactions that impact climate change and variability, and the degradation of air quality. You’ll study phenomena of deep convection, the transport of water vapor from remote sources, and the atmosphere-vegetation and atmosphere-soil interactions that determine energy and mass fluxes. On smaller scales, you’ll research the microphysical processes of atmospheric aerosols, their chemical composition, and their influence on cloud formation, convection, and precipitation, as well as on the radiative transfer. For these studies, you’ll use in situ and remote sensing observational tools, as well as numerical modeling for short- and medium-term forecasting of a wide variety of atmospheric parameters. Research is also conducted to assess the impacts and risks to the population and the ecosystems under different scenarios of pollutant emissions and global climate change.", "You’ll be able to choose the following specialization areas:" ], "areas": [ "Meteorology and Physical Oceanography", "Climate Change and Physical Climatology", "Physical Chemistry and Atmospheric Composition", "Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Aerosol", "Air Quality and Health" ] }, { "number": 5, "name": "Space and Planetary Sciences", "description": [ "You’ll study the heliosphere, the generation, transport, and dissipation of energy, and the mass transfer that happens in it; the interplanetary environment; the composition, structure, and dynamics of planets, satellites, small bodies, cosmic dust, and the different planetary systems around other stars. You’ll learn how the conditions of solar activity, the interplanetary medium, and the near-Earth environment endanger the operability and reliability of technological services and systems located both on Earth’s surface and in space and their impact on the atmosphere and Earth’s climate and biota.", "You’ll be able to choose the following specialization areas:" ], "areas": [ "Space Sciences", "Planetary Sciences", "Hazards and Risks of the Outer Space" ] }, { "number": 6, "name": "Computational Geosciences", "description": [ "Computational Science, which is integrated by applied mathematics, computer science and computing, fuses with Earth Sciences to give rise to a new discipline known as Computational geoscience. Computational geoscience allows us to develop computer programs that combine conceptual, mathematical and numerical models with lab and field data of different time-space scales and of diverse sources with a certain degree of associated uncertainty. Some examples of Computational geoscience research and development areas are mathematical, numerical and computational modeling; spatial stochastic models; high-performance computing; the acquisition, processing and analysis of signals and images; artificial intelligence and machine learning; and automatic code generation. ", "Find more information about the contents and topics of each one of the specialization areas of this field:\n\n" ], "areas": [ "Mathematical and Computational Modeling for Earth Sciences\r", "Geomatics and Remote Perception \r", "Data Processing and Analysis\r" ] } ], "areas_es": [ { "number": 1, "name": "Sismología", "description": [ "El alumnado estudia los terremotos y el interior de la Tierra desde la fuente que da origen a las ondas sísmicas, hasta la composición y funcionamiento interno de nuestro planeta. Aprende a interpretar observaciones hechas en la superficie del planeta (o cercanas a ella) como son los registros producidos por terremotos, por vibraciones ambientales imperceptibles o bien por excitaciones antropogénicas, y también a utilizar mediciones geodésicas satelitales para analizar las deformaciones que sufren las placas tectónicas. Conoce cómo identificar los procesos de fuente a través de la solución de problemas matemáticos inversos, que a su vez son útiles para caracterizar otros procesos geológicos como los fallamientos implicados en un sismo. Esta área de profundización capacita al alumnado en múltiples aplicaciones como la estimación del peligro sísmico y sismovolcánico, la exploración de recursos naturales y energéticos, el análisis de la sismicidad terrestre o extraterrestre, entre muchos otros." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Vulcanología", "description": [ "El alumnado aprende a reconocer y describir los procesos que desencadenan los distintos tipos de erupciones en la superficie de la Tierra, incluyendo los reservorios magmáticos, las causas de las erupciones, los tipos de erupciones y sus productos. Aprende a reconstruir erupciones del pasado mediante el estudio de los depósitos volcánicos, para comprender la evolución de los volcanes activos e inactivos y generar mapas de peligros volcánicos. Aprende también a llevar a cabo monitoreos de parámetros físicos y químicos en volcanes activos y zonas geotérmicas, como lo son los sismos y gases volcánicos asociados al ascenso del magma hacia la superficie." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Petrología ígnea y metamórfica", "description": [ "El alumnado conoce los procesos mediante los cuales los magmas son generados en el manto o la corteza, ascienden y se almacenan en diferentes niveles corticales para eventualmente ser emitidos en la superficie de la Tierra. El conocimiento de los sistemas ígneos ayuda a comprender la evolución de la tectónica regional y es útil para la exploración de los depósitos minerales y sistemas geotérmicos. Los procesos que modifican e integran la composición y propiedades físicas de los magmas repercuten en la dinámica eruptiva. El alumnado aprende a hacer descripciones detalladas de campo, técnicas experimentales, petrológicas, geoquímicas y microanalíticas.\nA su vez, el alumnado estudia rocas y materiales transformados por procesos de recristalización en estado sólido y a temperaturas superiores a las de la diagénesis. Dado que los sistemas metamórficos abarcan casi todo el volumen del planeta y de los cuerpos análogos del sistema solar, estos conocimientos permiten al alumnado comprender el comportamiento tectonotérmico, químico y temporal de los procesos cíclicos que han construido y modificado la arquitectura de las capas superiores del planeta (manto y corteza), y con ello la formación y evolución posterior de los continentes y océanos, desde sus inicios hasta el presente. Comprende también la capacidad que tienen las rocas metamórficas para integrar fluidos como el agua en su constitución mineral, transportarlos a grandes profundidades y liberarlos, con lo cual controlan en buena parte fenómenos de relevancia extraordinaria para la humanidad como son el clima, el vulcanismo y la formación de la mayor parte de los yacimientos minerales. Por otro lado, aprende cómo el estudio experimental de estas rocas en el laboratorio permite reproducir a la vista la formación de las rocas metamórficas." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Geología sedimentaria y estratigrafía", "description": [ "El alumnado aprende a reconstruir e interpretar el desarrollo y evolución de las cuencas sedimentarias. En particular estudia los procesos de generación y patrones de dispersión de sedimentos y rocas sedimentarias en diferentes contextos ambientales, y permite reconstruir a las condiciones tectónicas y climáticas de los ambientes de depósito con base en el estudio de la arquitectura, geometría, textura y composición del registro estratigráfico. Estos conocimientos capacitan el alumnado en la exploración de recursos naturales no renovables como los hidrocarburos y varios tipos de yacimientos minerales, y le enseñan a identificar reservorios y estimar su calidad y potencial de explotación." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Paleontología", "description": [ "En el área de profundización de Paleontología el alumnado aprende a abordar el estudio de la vida en el pasado, conoce cómo identificar patrones y procesos, así como adquirir datos a partir del registro fósil para entender la biología del pasado y reconstruir las condiciones ambientales ocurridas durante el tiempo geológico, responsables de la biodiversidad y el paisaje actual del planeta. Estos conocimientos lo acercarán a entender la evolución de la vida y de los ecosistemas integrando conceptos y herramientas de ciencias biológicas y ciencias de la Tierra.\nA través de la estratigrafía aprende a establecer un orden temporal relativo y absoluto de los eventos geológicos, igualmente aprende a incorporar el estudio de la fauna y flora fósiles contenidas en el registro estratigráfico, para inferir la evolución de las condiciones ambientales de nuestro planeta, así como el origen y desarrollo de la vida durante el tiempo geológico.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Deformación de la litósfera", "description": [ "El alumnado comprenderá los procesos que llevan a la deformación de la litósfera y aprende a reconocer la gran diversidad de manifestaciones mineralógicas, texturales y reológicas, desde escala de grano hasta la escala continental. Los procesos de deformación que ocurren a escala regional, comúnmente están asociados con procesos sísmicos, metamórficos, magmáticos, sedimentarios, erosivos, así como con el flujo de fluidos y procesos de interacción fluido roca, por lo cual su comprensión es básica en el estudio de eventos tectónicos, en la evaluación de riesgo geológico, y en el análisis de yacimientos minerales, petroleros y geotermia." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Geomagnetismo y paleomagnetismo", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado estudia las fuentes y variaciones temporales del campo magnético de la Tierra y sus aplicaciones, que van desde la declinación magnética hasta el clima espacial. Conoce los métodos para medir estas variaciones, desde los que se usan en observatorios,\nhasta los que ocupan equipos portátiles y satélites. Aprende a utilizar el registro paleomagnético de las rocas para reconstrucciones tectónicas y derivar modelos sobre los procesos que ocurren en el núcleo de la Tierra, y cómo la magneto-estratigrafía se puede utilizar para el fechamiento de rocas.\nPor medio de la magnetometría de anomalías magnéticas aprende a inferir características de yacimientos de minerales, o a detectar procesos tectónicos.\n\nEl alumnado puede profundizar también en las aplicaciones del magnetismo de rocas y minerales para el diagnóstico de la contaminación del aire y de los suelos, del impacto climático, volcánico y de las actividades humanas en el ambiente presente y pasado. \n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "Exploración geofísica de la Tierra sólida y la corteza oceánica", "description": [ "El alumnado conoce los métodos sísmicos, gravimétricos, magnéticos, eléctricos y electromagnéticos que se utilizan para medir las propiedades físicas bajo la superficie terrestre, así como las anomalías asociadas. \nAprende las aplicaciones en la identificación de estructuras geológicas en profundidad, en particular fallas, diques y depósitos geológicos de utilidad para las investigaciones en vulcanología, zonas de dispersión y subducción y otras de interés tectónico. Igualmente puede enfocarse en conocer las aplicaciones de las mediciones satelitales globales de los campos magnético y gravitacional, y de imágenes satelitales de diferentes resoluciones espaciales y espectrales en la exploración de diversos rasgos de la superficie terrestre que coadyuven al conocimiento tectónico y estructural. \n\nTambién puede estudiar la geodinámica, los procesos geológicos y tectónicos que ocurren en la evolución de la litósfera oceánica. Aprende a emplear métodos de geofísica para medir propiedades físicas de la corteza oceánica y de las estructuras geológicas que se han formado en el lecho marino. Conoce cómo aplicar estos conocimientos para evaluar riesgos geológicos y para mitigar posibles daños a la infraestructura y comunidades costeras, y para explorar recursos energéticos y yacimientos minerales que se encuentran en los mares y océanos. La capacitación en esta disciplina incluye instrucciones en la adquisición y análisis de registros sísmicos de sismómetros del fondo marino (OBS), registros geodésicos de hidrófonos del fondo marino (OBH), perfiles sísmicos de reflexión multicanal y sísmica de refracción, datos de gravedad, magnetismo, flujo de calor, magneto-telúricos e hidroacústicos para la caracterización del lecho marino y del subsuelo adyacente.\n\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 1, "name": "peligros y riesgos sísmicos y volcánicos", "description": [ "El alumnado conoce los eventos sísmicos y volcánicos, que repercuten en pérdidas en vidas humanas y económicas. Aprende a identificar y evaluar los peligros o amenazas sísmicas y volcánicas. Conoce cómo se registran de manera continua los movimientos del terreno para determinar la fuente sísmica, los medios en que se propagan las ondas sísmicas y la interacción de éstas con los suelos. \n Aprende cómo con esta información se modela el comportamiento al que estarán sujetas las estructuras construidas sobre dichos suelos. Conoce cómo estimar la vulnerabilidad, ya sea estructural y/o social, y a establecer y cuantificar el riesgo sísmico. Estudia también las medidas adecuadas para mitigar los importantes efectos del peligro sísmico y también volcánico." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 2, "name": "Yacimientos minerales ", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado comprende los procesos geológicos responsables de la formación de los yacimientos minerales en diversos ambientes tectónicos, conoce los sitios idóneos para la exploración de los yacimientos minerales metálicos, los cuales se ubican principalmente en áreas donde ocurrió actividad magmática que propició la concentración de los minerales susceptibles de explotación económica.\nAprende a evaluar los yacimientos, lo que implica la cuantificación de los recursos disponibles mediante muestreos y estudios geoquímicos, cálculo volumétrico. El estudio del origen y la caracterización de estos yacimientos requiere de la aplicación de diferentes herramientas/disciplinas geológicas, geoquímicas y geofísicas, tales como cartografía geológica, geología estructural, petrografía, petrología, geoquímica de roca total, geoquímica isotópica, fechamientos isotópicos, difracción y fluorescencia de rayos X, sismología, gravimetría, magnetometría y electromagnetismo.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 2, "name": "Yacimientos petroleros", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado comprende los arreglos estratigráfico-estructurales que favorecen el almacenamiento de petróleo y gas en las rocas permeables. Obtiene los conocimientos para identificar cuencas sedimentarias antiguas en áreas continentales y/o marinas para la exploración petrolera. En estas cuencas aprende a valorar, tanto la existencia de las rocas generadoras, almacenadoras y sello, como la cronología de los procesos de generación, migración y acumulación de los hidrocarburos.\n​​La caracterización de yacimientos se aplica en la identificación tanto de las estructuras geológicas, como los materiales geológicos susceptibles de almacenar sustancias peligrosas como el CO2 u otros subproductos de los procesos industriales o de generación de energía eléctrica. El alumnado conoce cómo aplicar estos conocimientos para mitigar el calentamiento global y evitar la contaminación de suelos y acuíferos. La evaluación de los yacimientos implica la cuantificación de los recursos disponibles mediante muestreos y estudios geoquímicos, cálculo volumétrico y/o de concentración o de calidad de los fluidos y de la geometría de yacimiento. Para realizar ambas actividades el alumnado aprende a utilizar modelación matemática.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 2, "name": "Yacimientos geotérmicos", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado conoce los reservorios de materiales rocosos caracterizados por una temperatura relativamente alta, cuyas características y arreglo espacial favorecen la transferencia del calor para generar otras formas de energía. En áreas con magmatismo reciente y con manifestaciones termales aprende a identificar regiones con un flujo calorífico alto idóneas para la exploración geotérmica." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 2, "name": "Exploración geofísica aplicada a la caracterización y evaluación de yacimientos", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado conoce los métodos sísmicos, gravimétricos, magnéticos, eléctricos y electromagnéticos que se utilizan para medir las propiedades físicas bajo la superficie, así como las anomalías asociadas. Aprende las aplicaciones en la localización de depósitos geológicos de utilidad económica, tales como depósitos minerales, combustibles fósiles, reservorios geotérmicos y acuíferos, o en Ingeniería Civil. \nEstos conocimientos también pueden enfocarse en las aplicaciones de las mediciones satelitales globales de los campos magnético y gravitacional, y de imágenes satelitales de diferentes resoluciones espaciales y espectrales que contribuyen en la exploración de diversos rasgos superficiales para la determinación de yacimientos de interés comercial. " ], "course": {} }, { "number": 2, "name": "Reología de materiales geológicos", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado estudia las propiedades físicas y el comportamiento mecánico de los materiales rocosos (esfuerzo – deformación) en la respuesta a una perturbación aplicada por procesos naturales o antrópicos. Estos conocimientos tienen una gran aplicación en el\ndiseño de obras civiles de gran magnitud, en la industria petrolera y en la exploración geotérmica.\nEn esta última, la caracterización de las propiedades de las rocas es fundamental para definir modelos conceptuales básicos útiles en la evaluación preliminar del potencial energético (e. g. estudio del sistema poroso y su relación con la permeabilidad del medio).\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 2, "name": "Peligros y riesgos asociados a la explotación de yacimientos", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado aprende a prevenir y/o mitigar los efectos colaterales durante la vida útil de los proyectos extractivos. \nPara ello conoce los procesos que ocurren alrededor de la explotación de los recursos minerales y energéticos para explicar las fuentes de los elementos y compuestos, su comportamiento, especies formadas, y su distribución e interacción en el sistema roca-suelo-agua-aire. \nUtiliza este conocimiento para buscar soluciones para las alteraciones causadas por la explotación de yacimientos.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Hidrogeología ", "description": [ "En esta profundización el alumnado aprende a abordar el agua subterránea y superficial desde una perspectiva holística e integral considerando los flujos de diferente jerarquía que se desplazan en tres dimensiones en el subsuelo, sus zonas de recarga, de tránsito y de descarga, así como sus manifestaciones superficiales (humedales, manantiales, suelos salinos). \nInvestiga la interacción del agua subterránea con la roca por la que circula, identificando los procesos químicos y biofísicos involucrados. Aborda la interacción de las actividades humanas con el sistema hidrogeológico, tanto en su cantidad como en su calidad. Aprende a identificar los riesgos de acuerdo con sus diferentes usos y a proponer medidas para evitar la afectación de los ecosistemas, la salud humana y proporcionar información básica para su gestión sostenible.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Ciencias del Suelo", "description": [ "El estudio del suelo como cuerpo natural producto de la interacción de procesos biológicos, químicos y físicos a lo largo del tiempo es el fundamento para comprender el desarrollo de la vida en los sistemas terrestres. \nEl alumnado aprende a reconocer de la diversidad de los suelos en el paisaje, así como sus funciones ecológicas, los potenciales de uso y la vulnerabilidad a la degradación; con ello adquiere las bases para la planificación territorial. Aprende a analizar los rasgos morfológicos, biológicos, químicos, físicos y mineralógicos de los suelos para determinar el comportamiento y destino del agua de infiltración, de los nutrimentos y contaminantes y para descifrar las condiciones ambientales que prevalecieron en el pasado. \nConoce los procesos edáficos que determinan la calidad del agua subterránea, influyen en la calidad del aire y en la productividad de sistemas agrícolas, pecuarios y forestales y la calidad de vida en sistemas urbanos. Estudia los procesos biogeoquímicos de las interacciones roca-agua-suelo-biota-aire incluyendo el ciclo del detritus, aprenderá a modelar flujos de agua, aire y sustancias disueltas a través de sistemas porosos y a evaluar la calidad de sitio en sistemas naturales, así como los impactos de actividades humanas presentes y pasadas." ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Geomorfología", "description": [ "El alumnado comprende la dinámica de los diversos sistemas que interactúan en la superficie terrestre (roca, agua, atmósfera, suelo, biota) por medio del análisis de las geoformas y de los procesos geomorfológicos. Aborda temas como el análisis morfométrico, el estudio genético del relieve y su relación con la tectónica y las fluctuaciones climáticas, la relación entre geoformas y suelos, la erosión de los suelos, así como los peligros y riesgos asociados a deslizamientos y a la dinámica fluvial y costera. \nEntre las herramientas que aprende se encuentran los sistemas de información geográfica, la percepción remota y la generación de imágenes y modelos de terreno desde vehículos aéreos no tripulados.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Estudios paleoambientales (cambio climático) y geoarqueología", "description": [ "El alumnado aprende a reconstruir las condiciones ambientales del pasado por medio archivos naturales como depósitos de sedimentos de diverso origen, espeleotemas y paleosuelos. En cada uno de estos archivos aprende a analizar indicadores de los procesos y condiciones del pasado con base en técnicas geoquímicas, de magnetismo de rocas, sedimentológicas, mineralógicas, y el análisis de restos biológicos como polen, diatomeas y fitolitos. Estos indicadores, combinados con técnicas de fechamiento, le permiten extraer información sobre las condiciones ambientales y ecológicas del pasado y sus cambios a través del tiempo.\nEn el área de profundización de geoarqueología el alumnado aplica los conocimientos de las geociencias para comprender la relación humano-ambiente en las sociedades antiguas. Estudia los componentes abióticos del paisaje para reconstruir los paisajes físicos y la utilización o explotación de los recursos naturales por los grupos humanos. El análisis de los geosistemas relacionados con los contextos arqueológicos le permite hacer reconstrucciones de las condiciones paleoambientales, entender el cambio de uso de suelo, los procesos de degradación ambiental, y los efectos del cambio climático en los grupos humanos del pasado.\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Geobiología e interacciones biósfera-atmósfera", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado adquiere una perspectiva biológica del estudio de la historia de la Tierra, al estudiar la interacción entre la Geosfera y la Biosfera y al explorar cómo la Tierra y la vida han coevolucionado. Abarca desde la química prebiótica que estudia de manera\nexperimental, o por modelación, las reacciones químicas que podrían haber contribuido al surgimiento de la vida en la Tierra temprana, hasta los procesos microbiológicos que regulan los ciclos biogeoquímicos y cómo éstos son impactados por las actividades humanas.\nPropone indicadores biológicos para aproximar cambios ambientales en el pasado o para evaluar la salud de los socioecosistemas, y utiliza técnicas para restaurar geosistemas degradados con microorganismos benéficos. Reconoce que la vegetación actúa como un puente entre la atmósfera y el subsuelo controlando los flujos de vapor de agua, dióxido de carbono y de energía. Investiga los controles que localmente ejerce la vegetación sobre los flujos de energía, vapor de agua y la precipitación y los relaciona con los procesos de desertificación y deforestación (antrópica y natural), la sostenibilidad de las actividades agrícolas, la disponibilidad de agua de riego, la contaminación atmosférica y el cambio climático global. \n\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Hidrometeorología y aprovechamiento y balance energético", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado estudia los intercambios de masa, energía y de cantidad de movimiento entre la biósfera y la atmósfera. Analiza cómo la atmósfera transmite su cantidad de movimiento a los bosques y plantas modificando la estabilidad de la capa límite turbulenta, en tanto que la acción colectiva de plantas y árboles la distribuye desde el dosel hasta la superficie.\nAprende que la radiación solar es la principal fuente de energía de todos los seres vivos, tanto plantas y animales, incluida nuestra especie y es responsable de la mayor parte de los procesos atmosféricos y climáticos de nuestro planeta.\nLa radiación solar es aprovechada como fuente de energía renovable en forma directa y es motor de la energía eólica y la generada a partir de la biomasa. Estudia su distribución espacial y temporal para comprender diversos procesos atmosféricos y de cambio climático y para mejorar el diseño de políticas y tecnologías de aprovechamiento en las áreas de salud, biología, agricultura, arquitectura y generación de electricidad.\n\n\n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Exploración geofísica de la superficie terrestre", "description": [ "En esta área de profundización el alumnado aprende las aplicaciones de diferentes métodos de exploración geofísica en la identificación de estructuras geológicas superficiales de interés en Ingeniería Civil (geotecnia), Arqueología, Ciencias Forenses, reservorios de sistemas acuíferos y para la localización de dispositivos explosivos. Igualmente puede enfocarse a conocer las aplicaciones de las mediciones satelitales globales de los campos magnético y gravitacional, y de imágenes satelitales de diferentes resoluciones espaciales y espectrales en la exploración de diversos rasgos de la superficie terrestre. " ], "course": {} }, { "number": 3, "name": "Peligros y riesgos asociados a procesos superficiales (remoción de masa, hundimientos y contaminación).", "description": [ "En las últimas décadas el crecimiento acelerado de la población ha llevado a transformaciones del terreno y a la ocupación de sitios no aptos para la construcción de viviendas. El alumnado aprende a reconocer los sitios que pueden ser afectados por procesos de inestabilidad de laderas, remoción en masa, de hundimientos de terreno capaces de provocar pérdidas de vidas humanas y de causar daños cuantiosos en la infraestructura. Estudia los principales agentes disparadores de estos procesos como los eventos hidrometeorológicos (huracanes, tormentas tropicales y lluvias en exceso) y la actividad sísmica.También puede optar por investigar el origen y destino de diversos contaminantes relacionados con actividades agrícolas, industriales y vías de transporte y a evaluar los riesgos asociados.\n Aprende a integrar investigaciones geológicas, geofísicas y geotécnicas para entender estos procesos y para aplicarlos en una adecuada planeación de la infraestructura urbana y de transporte. Conoce herramientas como el análisis de imágenes satelitales, bases de datos digitales en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica, así como a hacer levantamientos geológicos, geofísicos y hidrogeológicos en campo. \n" ], "course": {} }, { "number": 4, "name": "Meteorología y Oceanografía Física ", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 4, "name": "Cambio Climático y climatología física", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 4, "name": "Fisicoquímica y composición atmosférica", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 4, "name": "Física de nubes y aerosol atmosférico", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 4, "name": "Calidad del aire y salud", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 5, "name": "Ciencias espaciales", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 5, "name": "Ciencias planetarias", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 5, "name": "peligros y riesgos del espacio exterior", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 6, "name": "Modelación matemática y computacional para las Ciencias de la Tierra", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 6, "name": "Geomática y percepción remota", "description": [], "course": {} }, { "number": 6, "name": "Procesamiento y análisis de datos", "description": [], "course": {} } ], "areas_en": [ { "number": 1, "name": "Seismology", "description": [ "The students will study earthquakes and the inside of the Earth, from the source of seismic waves to the composition and internal operation of the Earth. They will learn how to interpret observations made on Earth’s surface (or near it); what the records produced by earthquakes, imperceptible environmental vibrations, or anthropogenic excitations are like; and how to use satellite geodetic measurements to analyze the deformation of tectonic plates. They will learn how to identify the source processes through solving inverse mathematical problems, which in turn are useful for characterizing other geological processes such as the faults involved in an earthquake. This specialization area trains students in various practices, such as estimating seismic and seismic-volcanic hazards, exploring natural and energy resources, and analyzing Earth or extraterrestrial seismicity, among many others." ], "course": { "0": [ "Seismic Observation, Processing, and Interpretation", "Processing of Digital Signals", "Processing of Digital Signals", "Geodynamics or Inner Earth Physics", "Geodphysical Inverse Theory", "Advanced Seismology", "Elastodynamics", "Solid Mechanics", "Environmental Seismology", "Seismic Noise Interferometry" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Volcanology", "description": [ "The students will learn to recognize and describe the processes that trigger the different kinds of eruptions on the Earth’s surface, including magma reservoirs, the causes and kinds of eruptions, and their products. They will learn how to reconstruct past eruptions through the study of volcanic deposits to understand the evolution of active and inactive volcanoes and generate volcanic hazard maps, and how to monitor physical and chemical parameters in active volcanoes and geothermal areas, such as earthquakes and volcanic gases linked to the rise of magma to the surface." ], "course": { "0": [ "Volcanology", "Volcanic Hazards", "Field Volcanology", "Isotope Geochemistry", "Igneous Rock Petrology", "Plate Tectonics", "Geochemistry", "Applied Thermodynamics for Geologic Processes", "Instrumental Geochemical Analysis Methods" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology", "description": [ "The students will learn about the processes by which magma is generated in the mantle or crust, rises, and is stored at different crustal levels to be eventually emitted into the Earth’s surface. Knowing igneous systems helps us understand the evolution of regional tectonics and is useful for exploring mineral deposits and geothermal systems. The processes that modify and make up the composition and physical properties of magma impact eruptive dynamics. The students will learn to make detailed field descriptions and experimental, petrological, geochemical, and microanalytical techniques.", "At the same time, the students study rocks and materials transformed by solid-state recrystallization at temperatures above those of diagenesis. Since metamorphic systems cover almost the entirety of Earth’s volume, this knowledge allows the students to understand the techno-thermal, chemical, and temporal behavior of the cyclic processes that have built and shaped the architecture of the planet’s upper layers (mantle or crust), and thereby the formation and later evolution of the continents and oceans, from their beginnings to the present. They will also understand how metamorphic rocks can integrate fluids such as water into their mineral constitution, transport them to great depths, and release them, thus largely controlling phenomena highly relevant to humanity, such as climate, volcanism, and the formation of most mineral deposits. On the other hand, they will learn how the experimental study of these rocks in the laboratory allows them to reproduce the formation of metamorphic rocks in sight." ], "course": { "0": [ "Petrology of Igneous and Pyroclastic Rocks", "Structural Geology", "Isotope Geochemistry", "Geochemistry", "Geochronology and Microanalysis", "Applied Thermodynamics for Geologic Processes", "Plate Tectonics", "Geology of the Crystalline Basement", "Mineralogy", "Instrumental Geochemical Analysis Methods" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Sedimentary Geology and Stratigraphy", "description": [ "The students will learn to reconstruct and interpret the development and evolution of sedimentary basins. In particular, they will study the generation processes and dispersion patterns of sediments and sedimentary rocks in different environmental contexts and learn to reproduce the tectonic and climate conditions of depositional environments based on the stratigraphic record’s architecture, geometry, texture, and composition. This knowledge trains the students on the exploration of non-renewable natural resources, such as hydrocarbons and many types of mineral deposits, and teaches them to identify and estimate their quality and exploitation potential." ], "course": { "0": [ "Petrology of Carbonate Rocks", "Petrology of Clastic Rocks", "Sequence Stratigraphy", "Biostratigraphy", "Analysis of Sedimentary Basins", "Plate Tectonics", "Sructural Geology", "Paleoenvironmental Geochemistry", "Any other course from the Paleontology area" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Paleontology", "description": [ "In the Paleontology area, the students will learn to tackle the study of life in the past, learn to identify patterns and processes, and to obtain data through fossil records to understand the biology of the past and reconstruct the environmental conditions that took place during geological time and are responsible for the planet’s biodiversity and current landscape. This knowledge will bring them closer to understanding the evolution of life and its environments by integrating concepts and instruments from biological sciences and Earth sciences.", "Through stratigraphy, the students will learn to establish a relative and absolute temporal order of geological events and to integrate the study of fossil fauna and flora contained in stratigraphic records to deduce the evolution of our planet’s environmental conditions, as well as the origin and development of life during geological time." ], "course": { "0": [ "Invertebrate Paleontology", "Application of Microfossils in the Interpretation of Paleoenvironments", "Paleobotany", "Paleopalynology", "Stratigraphy", "Biostratigraphy", "Multivariate Statistics", "Any other course from the Sedimentary Geology and Stratigraphy area" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Deformation of the Litosphere", "description": [ "The students will understand the processes that lead to the deformation of the lithosphere and learn to recognize the great diversity of mineral, textural, and rheological manifestations, from grain size scale to the continental scale. The deformation processes that happen regionally are commonly associated with seismic, metamorphic, magmatic, sedimentary, and erosional processes, as well as fluid flow and fluid-rock interaction processes, hence why understanding them is essential for studying tectonic events, evaluating geological risk, and analyzing mineral, oil, and geothermal deposits." ], "course": { "0": [ "Plate Tectonics", "Geodynamics or Inner Earth Physics", "Solid Mechanics", "Geomorphology and Neotectonics", "Low-Temperature Thermochronology", "Isotope Geochemistry", "Applied Thermodynamics for Geologic Processes", "Petrology of Igneous, Metamoprhic, or Clastic Rocks", "Geochronology and Microanalysis" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism", "description": [ "In the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism area, the students will study the sources and temporal variations of the Earth’s magnetic field and its applications, from magnetic declination to space climate, and learn about the different methods to measure these observations, from those used in observatories, to the ones that require portable equipment and satellites. They will also learn to use paleomagnetic rock records for tectonic reconstruction and derive models of the processes that occur in the Earth’s core and how magnetostratigraphy can be used for radiometric dating. Through the magnetometry of magnetic anomalies, the students will learn to deduce characteristics of mineral deposits or to detect tectonic processes.\n\n", "The students can also delve into the applications of rock and mineral magnetism for diagnosing air and soil pollution and climate, volcanic, and human impact on the past and current environment.\n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Palemagnetism and Rock Magnetism", "Archaeomagnetism", "Environmental Magnetism", "Geodynamics or Inner Earth Physics", "Volcanology", "Structural Geology" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Gephysical Exploration of the Solid Earth and Oceanic Crust", "description": [ "The students will learn about the seismic, gravimetric, magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic methods used to measure physical properties under the Earth’s surface and related anomalies.\nThey will learn about the applications of identifying deep geological structures, particularly faults, levees, and geological deposits useful for research on volcanology, dispersion and subduction zones, and others of tectonic interest. They can also delve into learning about the applications of global satellite measurements of magnetic and gravitational fields, satellite images of different space and spectral resolutions in the exploration of different features of the Earth’s surface that contribute to tectonic and structural knowledge.", "They can also study geodynamics and the geological and tectonic processes that occur during the evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. They will learn to use geophysical methods to study the physical properties of the oceanic crust and the geological structures that have formed on the ocean floor. They will learn to apply this knowledge to evaluate geological risks and mitigate possible damages to the coastal infrastructure and communities and to explore energetic resources and mineral deposits located in the seas and oceans. Training in this discipline includes instruction in the acquisition and analysis of seismic records from ocean bottom seismometers (OBS), geodesic records from ocean bottom hydrophones (OBH), multi-channel seismic reflection and seismic refraction profiles; and gravity, magnetic, heat flow, magneto-telluric and hydroacoustic data for characterization of the ocean floor and adjacent subsoil." ], "course": { "0": [ "Reflection Seismology", "Geodynamics", "Electromagnetic Methods", "Geophysical Data Processing", "Volcanology", "Marine Geophysics" ] } }, { "number": 1, "name": "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards and Risks", "description": [ "The students will get to know the seismic and volcanic events that result in human and economic losses. They will learn to identify and evaluate seismic or volcanic hazards or dangers and how ground movements are continuously recorded to determine the seismic source, the means through which seismic waves propagate, and their interaction with the ground. \nThey will learn to use this data to shape the behavior to which the structures built on said ground will be subject to, to estimate vulnerability (structural or social), and to establish and quantify seismic risk. They will also study the proper measures to mitigate the relevant effects of seismic and volcanic hazards." ], "course": { "0": [ "Environmental Geology", "Seismology", "Pyroclastic Rocks", "Volcanology", "Volcanic Risks", "Statistical Seismology", "Environmental Seismology", "Elastodynamics", "Geomorphology and Neotectonics" ] } }, { "number": 2, "name": "Mineral Deposits", "description": [ "In this area of specialization, students will understand the geological processes responsible for the formation of mineral deposits in various tectonic environments. They will also learn about the ideal sites for exploring metallic mineral deposits, mainly located where magmatic activity occurred, which favored the concentration of minerals suitable for economic exploitation. ", "They will learn to evaluate deposits, which involves quantifying the available resources through samplings, geochemical studies, and volumetric calculations. The study of the origin and characterization of these deposits requires the use of different geological, geochemical and geophysical tools and disciplines, such as: Geological Cartography, Structural Geology, Petrography, Petrology, Total Rock Geochemistry, Isotope Geochemistry, isotope dating, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, Seismology, Gravimetry, Magnetometry and electromagnetism." ], "course": { "0": [ "Geochemistry", "Mineralogy", "Fluid Inclusions", "Isotope Geochemistry", "Petrology of Igneous, Clastic, Carbonate, and Metamorphic Rocks" ] } }, { "number": 2, "name": "Oil Deposits", "description": [ "In this area of specialization, students will understand the stratigraphic-structural arrangements that favor the storage of oil and gas in permeable rocks. They will acquire the knowledge to identify ancient sedimentary basins in continental and/or ocean areas for oil exploration, and learn to assess the presence of source, reservoir and seal rocks in these basins, as well as the chronology of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation processes. ", "The characterization of deposits is used to identify both geological structures and geological materials capable of storing hazardous substances, such as CO2 or other byproducts of industrial processes or electricity generation. Students will learn how to apply this knowledge to mitigate global warming and to prevent soil and water pollution. The assessment of deposits involves the quantification of available resources with the help of: geochemical studies and sampling, calculations of volume and/or concentration or fluid quality, and deposit geometry. To carry out these activities, students will learn to use mathematical modeling. " ], "course": { "0": [ "Sedimentary Environments and Processes", "Sequence Stratigraphy", "Environmental Geology", "Structural Geology", "Molecular Organic Biochemistry", "Fluid Inclusions", "Biostratigraphy", "Rock Physics", "Petrology of Clastic and Carbonate Rocks" ] } }, { "number": 2, "name": "Geothermal Deposits", "description": [ "In the Geothermal Deposits area, students will learn about the deposits of rocky materials known for their relatively high temperature, whose spatial arrangement and characteristics favor heat transfer to generate other forms of energy. In areas where magmatic processes have been recent, they will learn to identify regions with high heat flow, ideal for geothermal exploration.\n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Geothermal Exploration", "Geochemistry of Fluids", "Geophysical Exploration Methods", "Volcanology or Pyroclastic Rocks", "Introduction to Geothermal Deposit Modeling", "Thermodynamics Applied to Geological Processes", "Geochemical Modeling of Hydrothermal Fluids", "Any other course from the Geophysical Exploration Applied to the Characterization and Assesment of Deposits area." ] } }, { "number": 2, "name": "Geophysical Exploration Applied to the Characterization and Assesment of Deposits", "description": [ "In this area, students will learn about seismic, gravimetric, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic methods used to measure both the physical properties beneath the surface and associated anomalies. They will also learn about the applications of these methods in locating geological deposits with economic value, such as mineral deposits, fossil fuels, geothermal and aquifer reservoirs, as well as in Civil Engineering. ", "This knowledge can also delve into the applications of global satellite measurements of magnetic and gravitational fields, as well as satellite images with different spatial and spectral resolutions, which contribute to the exploration of various surface characteristics for identifying deposits of commercial value. " ], "course": { "0": [ "Numerical Methods", "Borehole Geophysical Logging", "Geophysical Exploration Methods", "Seismic Reflection", "Geophysical Data Processing", "Any other course from the Geophysical Exploration Applied to the Characterization and Assessment of Deposits area" ] } }, { "number": 2, "name": "Rheology of Geological Materials", "description": [ "In this area, students will study the physical properties and the mechanical behavior of rock materials (stress-strain) in response to the forces applied by natural or anthropogenic processes. This knowledge has an important application in the design of large-scale civil construction projects, the oil industry, and geothermal exploration. \n", "In the latter case, characterizing rock properties is essential for defining basic conceptual models that are useful for the preliminary assessment of potential energy (e.g., the study of the porous system and its relationship with the permeability of the medium.) \n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Continuum Mechanics", "Solid Mechanics", "Thermodynamics Applied to Geological Processesd", "Structural Geology", "Elastodynamics" ] } }, { "number": 2, "name": "Hazards and Risks Associated with the Exploitation of Deposits", "description": [ "In this area, students will learn to prevent and/or mitigate collateral effects during the operational life of extractive projects. In order to do this, they will learn about the processes involved in the exploitation of mineral and energy resources to understand the sources of elements and compounds, their behavior, formed species, and their distribution and interaction in the rock-soil-water-earth system. They will apply this knowledge to find solutions to the alterations caused by the exploitation of deposits. \n\n\n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Hazardous Waste Chemistry: Fundamentals and Management", "Environmental Chemistry of Soils", "Chemistry of Nanoparticles and Environmental Colloidal Surfaces", "Hydrogeochemistry", "Soil Degradation and Pollution", "Integrated Risk Management", "Environmental Analytical Chemistry and Experimental Design, or Water and Soil Analýsis", "Environmental Microbiology and Bioremediation" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Hydrogeology", "description": [ "In this area, the students will learn to tackle groundwater and surface water from a holistic and integral perspective, considering the different hierarchy flows that move through three dimensions on the subsoil: its recharge, transit, and discharge areas; and its superficial manifestations (wetlands, springs, and soil salinity). They will research the interaction of groundwater with the rock through which it circulates, identifying the chemical and biophysical processes involved. They will tackle the interactions of human activities with the hydrogeological system, both their quantity and quality; learn to identify the risks according to their different uses; and provide basic information for their sustainable management.\n\n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Hydrogeochemistry", "Groundwater Modeling", "Underwater Hydrodynamics", "Groundwater Management", "Isotope Hydrology", "Field Hydrology", "Transdisciplinary workshop on sustainable groundwater management" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Soil Sciences", "description": [ "The study of the soil as a natural body resulting from the interaction between biological, chemical, and physical processes over time is the key to understanding the development of life in terrestrial ecosystems.", "The students will learn to recognize soil diversity in the landscape and its ecological functions, usage potential, and vulnerability to degradation, thus acquiring the fundamentals for spatial planning. They will learn to analyze the morphological, biological, chemical, physical, and mineralogical characteristics of soils to determine the behavior and destination of infiltration water, nutrients, and pollutants and to decode the environmental conditions that endured in the past. They will learn the edaphic processes that determine groundwater quality and influence air quality; the productivity of agricultural, livestock, and forest systems; and the quality of life on urban systems. They will also study the biogeochemical processes of rock-water-soil-biota-air interactions, including the detritus cycle; learn to model the flow of water, air, and dissolved substances through porous systems; and evaluate site quality in natural systems and the impact of past and present human activities.\n\n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Soil Physics", "Environmental Soil Chemistry", "Nanoparticle Surface and Environmental Colloid Chemistry", "Soil Biology", "Soil Organic Matter", "Soil Micromorphology and Mineralogy", "Soild Degradation and Pollution", "Soil and Geomorphology field course", "Soil and Water Analysis", "Environmental Monitoring field course", "Multivariate Statistics" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Geomorphology", "description": [ "The students will understand the dynamics of the various ecosystems that interact on the Earth’s surface (rock, water, atmosphere, soil, biota) through the analysis of geoforms and geomorphological processes. They will delve into topics such as morphometric analyses, landscape genetics study and its link to tectonics and climate fluctuations, the link between geoforms and soils, and the hazards and risks associated with landslides and fluvial and coastal dynamics.\n", "Among the tools that students will learn are geographic information systems, remote perception, and the generation of images and ground models from unmanned aerial vehicles." ], "course": { "0": [ "Geomorphology", "Geomorphology and Neotectonics", "Soil and Geomorphology", "Soil and Geomorphology field course", "Applied Methods to the Study of Earth Surface Dynamics", "Introduction to Dendrochronology", "Karstology" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Paleoenvironmental Studies (Climate Change) and Geoarchaeology", "description": [ "The students will learn to reconstruct environmental conditions of the past through natural archives, such as sediment deposits of various origins, speleothems, and paleosoils. In each one of these archives, the students will learn to analyze indicators of the processes and past conditions based on geochemical, rock magnetism, sedimentology, and mineralogical techniques, and the analysis of biological remains such as pollen, diatoms, and phytoliths. These indicators, combined with dating techniques, allow the students to extract information on past environmental and ecological conditions and their changes through time. \n", "In the Geoarchaeology area, the students will apply their geosciences knowledge to understand the human-environment link in past societies and study the abiotic components of physical landscapes and the usage or exploitation of natural resources by human groups. The analysis of geosystems related to archaeological contexts allows the students to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions and understand the change in soil usage, environmental degradation processes, and the effects of climate change on past human groups.\n" ], "course": { "0": [ "Quaternary Dating Methods", "Paleoenvironmental Geochemistry", "Stable C, H, O, and N Isotope Biochemistry", "Introduction to Dendrochronology", "Paleobotany / Paleopalynology", "Environmental Magnetism", "Archaeomagnetism", "Pedology", "Soil Micromorphology and Mineralogy", "Geoarchaeology field course", "Multivariate Statistics" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Geobiology and Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions", "description": [ "In this area, the students acquire a biological perspective of the study of Earth’s history by studying the interaction between the geosphere and the biosphere and exploring how Earth and life have co-evolved. It covers everything from prebiotic chemistry, which studies (experimentally or through modeling) the chemical reactions that could have contributed to the origin of life on early Earth, to the microbiological processes that regulate biogeochemical cycles and how they are impacted by human activities. The students suggest biological indicators to tackle environmental changes in the past or evaluate the health of socio-ecological systems and use techniques to restore degraded geosystems such as beneficial microorganisms. They recognize that vegetation acts as a bridge between the atmosphere and subsoil, controlling water vapor, carbon dioxide, and energy flows; and research the controls that vegetation exerts on energy and water vapor flows and precipitation, and link them to desertification and deforestation (anthropic and natural) processes, sustainability of agricultural activities, irrigation water availability, atmospheric pollution, and global climate change." ], "course": { "0": [ "Soil Biology", "Environmental Microbiology and Bioremediation", "Soil Organic Matter", "Introduction to Dendrochronology", "Global Climate Change", "Multivariate Statistics", "Environmental Genotoxicology", "Atmospheric Microbiology", "Stable C, H, O, and N Isotope Biogeochemistry", "Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on Natural and Human Systems", "Prebiotic Chemistry and Chemical Evolution" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Hydrometeorology and Energy Utilization and Balance", "description": [ "In this area, the students study exchanges of mass, energy, and the amount of movement between the biosphere and atmosphere. They analyze how the atmosphere transfers its amount of motion to forests and plants, modifying the stability of the turbulent boundary layer, whereas the collective action of plants and trees distributes it from the canopy to the surface. They learn that solar radiation is the main source of energy of all living beings, both plants and animals, including our species, and is responsible for most of our planet’s atmospheric and climate processes. Solar radiation is used as a direct renewable energy source and is the motor of eolic energy and the energy generated through biomass. Students will study its spatial and temporal distribution to understand various atmospheric and climate change processes and improve the design of utilization policies and technologies in the fields of healthcare, biology, agriculture, architecture, and electricity generation." ], "course": { "0": [ "Global Climate Change", "Atmospheric Radiation", "Climate Physics", "Cloud Physics and Precipitation", "Sun-Earth Relationships", "Solar Physics" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Geophysical Exploration of the Solid Earth", "description": [ "In this area, the students learn the applications of the different geophysical exploration methods for the identification of surface geological structures of interest in Civil Engineering (Geotechnics), Archaeology, Forensic Sciences, reservoirs of aquifer systems, and the localization of explosive devices. Likewise, they can focus on learning the applications of global satellite measurements of the magnetic and gravitational fields and satellite and spectral images of different \nspatial resolutions in the exploration of different features of the Earth’s surface." ], "course": { "0": [ "Seismic Reflection", "Geodynamics", "Electromagnetic Methods", "Geophysical Data Processing" ] } }, { "number": 3, "name": "Hazards and Risks Associated with Superficial Processes (Mass Wasting, Subsidence, and Pollution)", "description": [ "Over the past decades, rapid population growth has led to ground transformations and the occupation of spaces not suitable for housing construction. The students learn to recognize the spaces that can be affected by slope instability, mass wasting, and land subsidence processes capable of causing human losses and substantial infrastructural damage. They study the main triggering agents of these processes, such as hydrometeorological events (hurricanes, tropical storms, and excess rain) and seismic activity. They can also choose to research the origin and destiny of various pollutants associated with agricultural and industrial activities and transport routes and to evaluate the associated risks. They learn to incorporate geological, geophysical, and geotechnical research to understand these processes and apply them in adequately planning urban and transport infrastructure. They learn to use tools such as satellite imagery analysis and digital databases in the geographical information systems and to perform geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological surveys in the field." ], "course": { "0": [ "Solid Mechanics", "Rheology", "Geophysical Exploration Methods", "Geomorphology ", "Environmental Geology", "Integral Risk Management", "Environmental Seismology (Surface Geological Processes: SGP)", "General Meteorology", "Soil Physics", "Soils and Geomorphology", "Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Earth Systems ", "Applied Methods to the Study of Earth Surface Dynamics" ], "1": [] } }, { "number": 4, "name": "Meteorology and Physical Oceanography", "description": [ "The vast quantity of movements and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere and in the ocean have always evoked human curiosity and their desire to forecast the many phenomena observed in these two terrestrial fluids. In this area, students will become familiar with these phenomena, ranging from tornadoes to hurricanes, and from mesoscale ocean vortices to the interaction between large masses of the equatorial ocean and the tropical ocean during the Southern Oscillation. They will learn the laws of motion and the processes that rule the atmosphere and the ocean in order to understand some of the processes that make these terrestrial fluids one of the most fascinating and complex topics in modern geosciences. Students will also learn about computational advances applied in solving the governing equations system and the global meteorological and oceanic observation networks (surface, upper air, and satellite networks), which have significantly improved the quality of short- and medium-term forecasts for the entire planet. The regional numerical weather prediction remains a challenge for the tropics with complex and rugged orography, such as that of Mexico. " ], "course": { "0": [ "Atmospheric Dynamics", "Physical Oceanography", "Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction", "Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere", "Atmospheric Data Analysis", "Tropical Meteorology", "Ocean Dynamics" ] } }, { "number": 4, "name": "Climate Change and Physical Climatology", "description": [ "Students will study the variation of the physical and chemical characteristics of the five components of the climate system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and lithosphere. These components tend to exchange mass and energy fluxes across their interfaces in an unstable and nonlinear way. In fact, some changes are so abrupt and persistent that they alter processes within the climate system and affect the characteristics of the climate, as well as the economic and social development or environmental sustainability of populations connected to it. Through both disciplines, students will learn to measure the impacts on climate in an objective way; they will use climatology to understand the physical and chemical aspects of the environment, and learn how recent climate change influences mitigation, vulnerability and adaptation processes for connected populations, as well as its influence on extreme climatological events such as droughts and floods. They will use models integrated with climate physics, economic models, statistical processes and analyses of hypothetical scenarios. Students will investigate the climate system to determine the vulnerability and sustainability of future societies and, ultimately, the planet's ability to adapt and face changes with resilience to ensure its habitability. " ], "course": { "0": [ "Global Climate Change", "Atmospheric Dynamics", "Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction", "Aerosol-Cloud Interaction", "Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere", "Atmospheric Radiation", "Atmospheric Thermodynamics", "Analysis of Atmospheric Data", "Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Natural and Human Systems" ] } }, { "number": 4, "name": "Physical Chemistry and Atmospheric Composition", "description": [ "Students will study the chemical composition of the atmosphere, its evolution in the short and long term, as well as its spatial distribution through the analysis of different flows and transformations of atmospheric gases and particles. They will understand the processes of formation, emission, transformation, and removal of these compounds through the interactions that occur between the atmosphere, the ocean, soil, and vegetation, as well as their transport and deposition. They will become familiar with the photochemical processes responsible for generating secondary pollutants, such as the ozone formation, some greenhouse gases, the oxidation of volatile organic compounds, and secondary organic aerosol in urban and rural environments. They will learn to improve and develop new methodologies for atmospheric observation and interpretation of measurements, using both in situ sensors and remote sensing equipment such as balloons, aircraft or satellite platforms. " ], "course": { "0": [ "Atmospheric Chemistry", "Atmospheric Physical Chemistry", "Atmospheric Radiation", "Sampling and Analysis Techniques for Atmospheric Pollutant Gases", "Remote Sensing of the Earth’s Atmosphere", "Inverse Problems Applied to Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere", "Atmospheric Data Analysis", "Atmospheric Aerosol" ] } }, { "number": 4, "name": "Cloud Physics and Atmospheric Aeorosl", "description": [ "Students will learn about the physical, chemical, biological and optical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as their impact on the climate system and health. They will study the processes of cloud formation and development, precipitation, and their thermodynamic and dynamic interactions with the surrounding atmosphere. Since aerosol particles are essential for cloud formation, this area of specialization covers the study of aerosol-clouds interaction, which is one of the most uncertain components according to the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and its importance in the hydrological cycle and future climate. Based on the study of both atmospheric aerosols and cloud physics, students will participate in the development of numerical models to determine the importance of these two atmospheric components in the radiative balance of our planet, as well as in the changes to precipitation patterns at regional and global levels in the coming decades. Students will also learn about the conceptual foundations of artificial weather modification, whether it is inadvertent or intentional." ], "course": { "0": [ "Cloud and Precipitation Physics", "Atmospheric Radiation", "Atmospheric Aerosol", "Aerosol-Cloud Interaction", "Atmospheric Thermodynamics", "Atmospheric Data Analysis" ] } }, { "number": 4, "name": "Air Quality and Health", "description": [ "Students will investigate the effects of air quality, in terms of spatial distribution and its magnitude and persistence, on human health, ecosystems, agricultural production, materials, climate, and local and regional atmospheric chemistry. They will conduct studies to enhance current knowledge and define actions based on scientific evidence to reduce the impact of air pollution. To archieve this, they will acquire a solid understanding of the sources of primary pollutants emission, the processes of their transport and transformation in the atmosphere into secondary pollutants, and how this mixture of pollutants in the form of gases and particles produces harmful effects, including biological material such as pollen and some microorganisms, causes harmful effects." ], "course": { "0": [ "Atmospheric Chemistry", "Atmospheric Microbiology", "Atmospheric Aerosol ", "Sampling Techniques and Analysis of Atmospheric Pollutant Gases", "Risk Assessment of Atmospheric Pollutants", "Global Climate Change", "Atmospheric Data Analysis", "Environmental Analytical Chemistry and Experimental Design" ] } }, { "number": 5, "name": "Space Sciences", "description": [ "The students study the Sun, the phenomena derived from its activity, the interplanetary medium, the ionized and magnetic environments of the planets and small bodies of the Solar System, and their interactions. They also study energy generation, transport, and dissipation; mass transfer through the space dominated by the Sun (known as the heliosphere); and the transition through the interstellar medium and its influence on Earth and planetary environments. They research cosmic rays, the most well-known energetic particles in the Universe, which provide relevant information about the Sun and geomagnetic activity and influence the atmosphere. They learn observation techniques such as remote perception, which includes measurements in space, the upper atmosphere, and the surface with the help of equipment that detects electromagnetic emissions and/or particles. To do this, they have access to laboratories, observatories, and UNAM stations that are part of global networks. During theoretical studies, the student uses analytical and empirical developments, numerical modeling, and simulation (computational experiments)." ], "course": { "0": [ "Ionospheric Physics", "Magnetospheric Physics", "Physics of the Interplanetary Medium", "Plasma Physics", "Cosmic Ray Physics", "Solar Physics", "Magnetohydrodynamics" ] } }, { "number": 5, "name": "Planetary Sciences", "description": [ "The students study the composition, structure, and dynamics of planets, satellites, small bodies, cosmic dust, and planetary systems around other stars. The study topics cover the inside, cortex, hydrospheres, atmospheres, ionospheres, magnetospheres, and planetary rings and are based on the principles of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Geology, with the help of Information Technologies. The students also study meteors, meteorites, impact craters, and tektites. The study of rocks is crucial, as they represent strong resource sources and provide evidence of the origin and evolution of the Solar System and our galaxy. The students also delve into Astrobiology, an interdisciplinary field that covers topics from prebiotic chemistry and the search for life in other bodies of the Solar System to the study of potentially habitable exoplanets." ], "course": { "0": [ "Magnetospheric Physics", "Plasma Physics", "Geobiology", "Planetary Geology", "Magnetohydrodynamics", "Meteoritics", "Atmospheric Radiation", "Planetary Thermodynamics", "Astrobiology", "Astrobiology Seminars", "Planetary Systems", "Prebiotic Chemistry and Chemical Evolution" ] } }, { "number": 5, "name": "Hazards and Risks of the Outer Space", "description": [ "The students learn and monitor the conditions of solar activity, the interplanetary medium, and the near-Earth environment, which endanger the operability and reliability of technological systems and services located both on Earth’s surface and in space and can even impact the atmosphere and Earth’s climate and biota. They also research the consequences of the impact of small bodies (steroid and cometary material) with our planet, particularly with NEOs (near-Earth objects), whose dangers to evolution and the extinction of species are already recognized at local, regional, and global scales. Likewise, they analyze the dangers associated with collisions between artificial satellites or their remains and space debris reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere. To monitor the phenomena of the near-Earth space that can represent a danger to our society, the students have access to the National Space Climate Service and the networks of tools and observation stations expressly designed for these purposes." ], "course": { "0": [ "Ionospheric Physics", "Magnetospheric Physics", "Interplanetary Medium Physics", "Plasma Physics", "Cosmic Ray Physics", "Solar Physics", "Magnetohydrodynamics " ] } }, { "number": 6, "name": "Mathematical and Computational Modeling for Earth Sciences", "description": [ "Earth systems are highly complex since they involve physical, chemical and biological processes. In order to study their behavior, students will develop models to understand these processes and their interaction at different spatial and temporal scales. They will learn to generate abstract conceptual models, which, when expressed in the language of mathematics, have to be solved numerically through discretization in space and time. They will incorporate the models into computational platforms through efficient and stable algorithms that make the most of the available computing power. " ], "course": { "0": [ "Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Earth Systems II", "Groundwater modeling", "Introduction to Geothermal Deposit Modeling", "Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere", "Inverse Problems Applied to Atmospheric Remote Sensing", "Partial Differential Equations Applied to Earth Sciences", "Fundamentals of High-Performance Computing ", "Geostatistics" ] } }, { "number": 6, "name": "Geomatics and Remote Perception", "description": [ "In recent years, Earth Sciences have been boosted with the development of new technologies and techniques to acquire, manage and model geospatial information. Students will learn to use multispectral, radar, aerial, and satellite imagery, as well as imagery obtained with drones, in order to optimize multiple applications in Earth Sciences. \nThey will learn how geospatial information is obtained and processed, and analyze it with the help of different techniques. They will apply this knowledge in studies of territory and natural resources, change in soil usage, inventories and forest degradation, precision agriculture, monitoring of environmental pollutants, as well as in studies of natural and anthropogenic phenomena risks." ], "course": { "0": [ "Remote Sensing of the Earth’s Atmosphere", "Remote Sensing and Image Processing ", "Geostatistics", "Geographic Information Systems", "Computer Vision in Geosciences: Classical Methods and Deep Learning ", "Any other course in which they will apply Geomatics or Remote Sensing" ] } }, { "number": 6, "name": "Data Processing and Analysis", "description": [ "This area is employed across all the fields of applied sciences, particularly in Earth Sciences. Students will learn to process and analyze the data collected through instrumentalization and outputs of natural system models, in order to interpret them and obtain useful information. They will know which tools are used for quality control, until they produce significant information that can be reproduced by either deterministic or statistical models. They will learn about various data processing techniques using applied mathematics. With the emergence of computing and large multiprocessor systems, this field has been enriched and is nowadays involved in parallel computing systems." ], "course": { "0": [ "Numerical Methods", "Geophysical Data Processing or Digital Signal Processing ", "Data Processing and Statistical Analysis", "Computer Vision in Geosciences: Classical Methods and Deep Learning ", "Any other course previously approved in which they can apply data processing and analysis" ] } } ] }